Technical details / References

References

DeVellis, R. (2003), Scale Development: Theory and Applications, 2nd edition, Applied Social Research Methods Series, 26, Thousand Oaks, California: Sage

Jowell, R., Brook, L., Prior, G. and Taylor, B. (1992), British Social Attitudes: the 9th Report, Aldershot: Dartmouth

Lynn, P. and Purdon, S. (1994), 'Time series and lap-tops: the change to computer- assisted interviewing', in Jowell, R., Curtice, J., Brook, L. and Ahrendt, D. (eds.), British Social Attitudes: the 11th Report, Aldershot: Dartmouth

Lynn, P. and Taylor, B. (1995), 'On the bias and variance of samples of individuals: a comparison of the Electoral Registers and Postcode Address File as sampling frames', The Statistician, 44: 173-194

Spector, P. (1992), Summated Rating Scale Construction: An Introduction, Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences, 82, Newbury Park, California: Sage

Stafford, R. and Thomson, K. (2006), British Social Attitudes and Young People's Social Attitudes surveys 2003: Technical Report, London: NatCen Social Research

Notes
  1. Until 1991 allBritish Social Attitudes samples were drawn from the Electoral Register (ER). However, following concern that this sampling frame might be deficient in its coverage of certain population subgroups, a 'splicing' experiment was conducted in 1991. We are grateful to the Market Research Development Fund for contributing towards the costs of this experiment. Its purpose was to investigate whether a switch to PAF would disrupt the time series - for instance, by lowering response rates or affecting the distribution of responses to particular questions. In the event, it was concluded that the change from ER to PAF was unlikely to affect time trends in any noticeable ways, and that no adjustment factors were necessary. Since significant differences in efficiency exist between PAF and ER, and because we considered it untenable to continue to use a frame that is known to be biased, we decided to adopt PAF as the sampling frame for future British Social Attitudes surveys. For details of the PAF/ER 'splicing' experiment, see Lynn and Taylor (1995).
  2. This includes households not containing any adults aged 18 or over, vacant dwelling units, derelict dwelling units, non-resident addresses and other deadwood.
  3. In 1993 it was decided to mount a split-sample experiment designed to test the applicability of Computer-Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI) to the British Social Attitudes survey series. As the name implies, CAPI involves the use of a laptop computer during the interview, with the interviewer entering responses directly into the computer. There was, however, concern that a different interviewing technique might alter the distribution of responses and so affect the year-on-year consistency of British Social Attitudes data. Following the experiment, it was decided to change over to CAPI completely in 1994 (the self-completion questionnaire still being administered in the conventional way). The results of the experiment are discussed in The 11th Report (Lynn and Purdon, 1994).
  4. Interview times recorded as less than 20 minutes were excluded, as these timings were likely to be errors.
  5. An experiment was conducted on the 1991 British Social Attitudes survey (Jowell et al., 1992) which showed that sending advance letters to sampled addresses before fieldwork begins has very little impact on response rates. However, interviewers do find that an advance letter helps them to introduce the survey on the doorstep, and a majority of respondents have said that they preferred some advance notice. For these reasons, advance letters have been used on the British Social Attitudes surveys since 1991.
  6. Because of methodological experiments on scale development, the exact items detailed in this section have not been asked on all versions of the questionnaire each year. 
  7. In 1994 only, this item was replaced by: Ordinary people get their fair share of the nation's wealth. [Wealth1]
  8. In constructing the scale, a decision had to be taken on how to treat missing values ("Don't know" and "Not answered"). Respondents who had more than two missing values on the left-right scale and more than three missing values on the libertarian-authoritarian and welfarism scales were excluded from that scale. For respondents with fewer missing values, "Don't know" was recoded to the mid-point of the scale and "Not answered" was recoded to the scale mean for that respondent on their valid items.
  9. See www.bsa-30.natcen.ac.uk.
  • Notes
    1. Until 1991 allBritish Social Attitudes samples were drawn from the Electoral Register (ER). However, following concern that this sampling frame might be deficient in its coverage of certain population subgroups, a 'splicing' experiment was conducted in 1991. We are grateful to the Market Research Development Fund for contributing towards the costs of this experiment. Its purpose was to investigate whether a switch to PAF would disrupt the time series - for instance, by lowering response rates or affecting the distribution of responses to particular questions. In the event, it was concluded that the change from ER to PAF was unlikely to affect time trends in any noticeable ways, and that no adjustment factors were necessary. Since significant differences in efficiency exist between PAF and ER, and because we considered it untenable to continue to use a frame that is known to be biased, we decided to adopt PAF as the sampling frame for future British Social Attitudes surveys. For details of the PAF/ER 'splicing' experiment, see Lynn and Taylor (1995).
    2. This includes households not containing any adults aged 18 or over, vacant dwelling units, derelict dwelling units, non-resident addresses and other deadwood.
    3. In 1993 it was decided to mount a split-sample experiment designed to test the applicability of Computer-Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI) to the British Social Attitudes survey series. As the name implies, CAPI involves the use of a laptop computer during the interview, with the interviewer entering responses directly into the computer. There was, however, concern that a different interviewing technique might alter the distribution of responses and so affect the year-on-year consistency of British Social Attitudes data. Following the experiment, it was decided to change over to CAPI completely in 1994 (the self-completion questionnaire still being administered in the conventional way). The results of the experiment are discussed in The 11th Report (Lynn and Purdon, 1994).
    4. Interview times recorded as less than 20 minutes were excluded, as these timings were likely to be errors.
    5. An experiment was conducted on the 1991 British Social Attitudes survey (Jowell et al., 1992) which showed that sending advance letters to sampled addresses before fieldwork begins has very little impact on response rates. However, interviewers do find that an advance letter helps them to introduce the survey on the doorstep, and a majority of respondents have said that they preferred some advance notice. For these reasons, advance letters have been used on the British Social Attitudes surveys since 1991.
    6. Because of methodological experiments on scale development, the exact items detailed in this section have not been asked on all versions of the questionnaire each year. 
    7. In 1994 only, this item was replaced by: Ordinary people get their fair share of the nation's wealth. [Wealth1]
    8. In constructing the scale, a decision had to be taken on how to treat missing values ("Don't know" and "Not answered"). Respondents who had more than two missing values on the left-right scale and more than three missing values on the libertarian-authoritarian and welfarism scales were excluded from that scale. For respondents with fewer missing values, "Don't know" was recoded to the mid-point of the scale and "Not answered" was recoded to the scale mean for that respondent on their valid items.
    9. See www.bsa-30.natcen.ac.uk.